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新型镇静催眠药Z-药物类及其代谢物的检测技术综述

  来源:现代科学仪器网2016-11-15点击:1634


【核心介绍】Z-药物类佐匹克隆、唑吡坦、扎来普隆为新型镇静催眠药,因其作用快,毒副作用小而受到失眠者的青睐。近几年来,在法庭毒物分析中,经常出现此类药物检出阳性的案例报道,引起了广大毒物分析者的关注。本文简要介绍了此类药物在生物样品中的主要代谢物。系统综述了生物检材中此类药物及其代谢物的前处理过程及其回收率,常用的仪器分析方法,特别给出了使用LC-MS/MS检测技术时使用的分析柱、流动相及药物的LOD或LOQ。介绍了分析此类药物需要注意的具体事项及保存血液中易分解药物的技术。旨在为刑事工作者提供参考。  

新型镇静催眠药Z-药物类及其代谢物的检测技术综述

杨士云,袁增平,张瑛,张伟

(北京市公安局法医检验鉴定中心 北京100192)

: Z-药物类佐匹克隆、唑吡坦、扎来普隆为新型镇静催眠药,因其作用快,毒副作用小而受到失眠者的青睐。近几年来,在法庭毒物分析中,经常出现此类药物检出阳性的案例报道,引起了广大毒物分析者的关注。本文简要介绍了此类药物在生物样品中的主要代谢物。系统综述了生物检材中此类药物及其代谢物的前处理过程及其回收率,常用的仪器分析方法,特别给出了使用LC-MS/MS检测技术时使用的分析柱、流动相及药物的LOD或LOQ。介绍了分析此类药物需要注意的具体事项及保存血液中易分解药物的技术。旨在为刑事工作者提供参考。

关键词: 佐匹克隆;唑吡坦;扎来普隆;代谢物;检测技术

中图分类号: D919

A Review for Determination Methods of Z-drugs and Their metabolites

Yang Shiyun,YuanZengping,ZangYing,Zang Wei

(Beijing Public Security Bureau Forensic Medical Examination center,100192)

Abstract The Z-drugs zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon ,which are new sedative hypnotic drugs,have become the most popular sleep agents used in short-term trentment of insomnia,becase of their short action and small toxic and side effects. In recent years,these drugs are frequently appeared in forensic cases,and have been paid attention by toxicological analysts. This paper briefly introduces the main metabolites of these drugs in the biological specimens, systematically summarizes the pretreatment process of these drugs and metabolites in biological specimens and their recovery, common analysis methods used instrument, especially gives the analysis column, the mobile phase and LODs and LOQs of the drugs in the using LC-MS / MS detection technology. This paper introduces the specific issues that need to be paid attention to in the analysis of these drugs and the techniques for the preservation of the drugs in the blood. The study aims to provide a reference for the criminal workers.

Keywords Zopiclone;zolpidem;Zaleplon;metabolites; Detection technique


Z-药物类包括佐匹克隆(ZopicloneZOP)、唑吡坦(ZolpidemZOL)、扎来普隆(ZaleplonZAL),是20世纪80年代后期发展起来的新型镇静催眠药[1-5],是继苯二氮卓类之后的第三代镇静催眠药。最初的临床试验表明:它们用量小,口服吸收良好,起效快,毒副作用小,基本不改变正常的睡眠结构,不产生成瘾性和戒断症状,对次晨的行为能力没有明显的影响,因此一经问世便受到失眠者的极大关注,在欧美应用广泛,国内使用的人数也在急剧上升。国外分析显示,Z-药物类的出现频率比苯二氮卓类要高[6],已经成为治疗失眠的首选药物,而由此产生的各种不良影响也在不断的显露出来。无论是在临床实践中,还是在法庭毒物分析中,频频出现此类药物检出阳性的案例报道[7-11]误服、自杀、麻醉抢劫、麻醉强奸、麻醉杀人等案件时有发生。据报道,最早使用的唑吡坦的滥用,一直在增加,已经成为社会问题,扎来普隆也于2007年被列为新型滥用药物[12]。人们不得不重新认识此类药物了。

此类药物用量小,代谢快,治疗剂量的血中浓度在纳克级水平,无疑给检验工作带来了一定困难。因此,对代谢物的检测就显得非常重要了,它可以作为使用了该药物的依据。据报道,佐匹克隆有两个主要代谢物[13-15]N-去甲基佐匹克隆(N-desmethylzopicloneNDZOP)和N-氧佐匹克隆(zopiclone N-oxideZOPNO),NDZOPZOPNO在储存过程中还会降解为2-氨基-5-氯吡啶(ACP);唑吡坦有两个代谢物[16-18]6-羧酸唑吡坦(zolpidem 6-carboxylic acidZCA)和苯基-4-羧酸唑吡坦 (zolpidemphenyl-4-carboxylic acidZPCA);扎来普隆有三个代谢物[19-20]N-去乙基扎来普隆(N-DeethylzaleplonDEZ)5-羰基扎来普隆(5-oxozaleplon5-OZ)和5-羰基- N-去乙基扎来普隆(5-oxo-N-deethylzaleplon5-ODEZ)。许多毒物分析者致力于此类药物及其代谢物的检测技术研究,取得了很大成绩。到目前为止,此类药物的检验方法已有很多报道,本文对法庭科学中常用检材的检测方法进行了综述,期望对广大的法庭毒物分析工作者有所帮助。

1 采样及样品储存

法庭毒物分析中常用的检材有血液、尿液、肝脏、唾液、头发等生物检材。此类药物吸收快,半衰期短,一经吸收很快代谢,并存在体内分布现象,因此不论是对于麻醉抢劫案件、麻醉强奸案件,还是尸体检验的体内检材,都要尽可能快的收集检材,并尽快进行检验。不能马上检验的检材尽可能在-20℃以下保存,或加入2%的氟化钠和草酸钾进行保护,并注意样品在运转过程中,尽可能保持冷冻状态,以避免此类药物发生降解。

RicardaJantos[21]等人用干血斑技术保存血液样品,就是在滤纸上加入血液,室温晾干,在塑料袋里密封保存。这种制样方法,使得血样易于保存、运输,避免了水、细菌对药物的分解。

头发样品常用于用药历史的分析,一般从根部起始剪取需要的部分。头发样品清洗后剪成小段或磨成粉末,然后再提取。头发的清洗溶剂有二氯甲烷、水、丙酮、正己烷、甲醇等[622]。头发样品可保存很长时间而不发生改变,因此,对于需要长期留样的案件,可剪取头发样品长期保存。

2 萃取

液液萃取技术是常用的萃取方法,由于此类药物为碱性化合物,检材可在碱性条件下用有机溶剂萃取,萃取液净化、浓缩后进行仪器分析。溶剂的选择要考虑低毒、易挥发、回收率满足要求,并兼顾原药和代谢物等方面。常用的萃取溶剂有乙酸乙酯、氯仿、乙酸丁酯、氯丁烷等。由于Z-药物类不是同时上市,使用频率也不一样,目前同时分析三种药物的方法并不多,多为一种或两种的分析方法。由于分析仪器灵敏度的提高,液液萃取的取样量也不再像以前那样大,回收率要求也不再苛求,样品量一般在1mL(g)左右。表1列出了常见萃取溶剂及相应的提取回收率。

固相萃取方法,因其使用有机溶剂少(0.5-3mL)、提取物干净等优点而收到分析者的青睐,生物体液样品直接用缓冲液稀释,离心,上层液过萃取小柱。用固相萃取柱Bond ElutPlexa PCX柱(60mg3mL[23]提取尿液和血液中的扎来普隆,用3mL丙酮:氯仿(1:1)和3mL2%氨水乙酸乙酯做洗脱溶剂,尿中扎来普隆回收率为85.1%-91.7%,血中回收率为81.2%;用DVB-HLB30mg1mL)柱[13]提取血浆中的佐匹克隆及其代谢物,1mL0.1%v/v)甲酸乙腈洗脱,回收率为:ZOP100.68% NDZOP95.68% ZOPNO98.6%;用STRATA X-C SPE(3mL,60mg)[18]提取血和唾液中唑吡坦及其代谢物,10%氨水:90%乙腈甲醇(1:1)洗脱,添加550150ng/mL的回收率:血中为 79.9±12.8%104.1%±1.77100.2±1.67;唾液为 80.2±0.48103.8±1.5198.9±0.90。血中扎来普隆用甲苯提取,过Silica SPE6CC/100mg)柱[24],甲醇/乙腈(60:40)洗脱,回收率为97%。用Oasis HLB[121625-28]提取血和尿中的Z-药物类,用二氯甲烷、乙酸丁酯和2-丙醇(80:20v/v)、氯仿-异丙醇(9:1)或乙酸乙酯或甲醇、二氯甲烷/异丙醇(75/25)洗脱,均能获得良好的回收,回收率均在80%以上。

z-药物类的提取,也有用小体积有机溶剂提取后,离心,过膜,直接用于仪器分析的,特别是对于液相色谱及液相色谱质谱联用分析方法,由于分析柱不怕水,沉淀蛋白后就可以直接上样分析。Gunnel H. Nilsson[14]等人直接用800uL(含内标)0.05M乙酸钠缓冲液(PH6.0)加到200uL尿液中,混匀,离心,5uL进行LC-MS/MS分析。RNEL-Shaheny[29]等人直接用流动相稀释尿液10倍,离心后用液相色谱荧光检测器进行分析,三个不同浓度的平均回收率为99.33%Yu-Dong Jeong[30]等人用1mL尿液,离心后取120uL80uL内标混合,5uL进样分析。P.Ptacek[31]等人用0.5mL血浆,加入2mL甲醇,涡旋,离心,上清液进行仪器分析。以上直接提取方法简单、快速、回收率高,减少了样品制备时间和提取过程中药物的损失。但要注意分析柱的清洗,最好加预柱进行保护,并勤换预柱。

Z-药物类容易分解代谢,特别是Z-药物类的代表佐匹克隆[2132-35],因此,无论采样还是萃取过程,都应快速进行,在溶剂挥发操作时要低温进行,一般是在40℃、氮气或空气流下浓缩,以尽可能多的保留原形药物。

表1  Z-药物类常用提取溶剂及回收率

样品处理

提取溶剂

药物及回收率

1mL血调pH11[36]

1.5mL正己烷:二氯甲烷(3:4v/v

佐匹克隆回收率大于80%

100μL全血[37]

1.2mL乙酸乙酯/正庚烷(80:20,v/v)

佐匹克隆:70-78%;唑吡坦:91%-92%

0.1mL血液或尿液;0.2mL唾液[1738-39]

0.6mL-1mL冰乙腈

佐匹克隆回收率大于90%,唑吡坦及其代谢物:78-95.6%

1mL血或1mL唾液调pH9.5[40-41]

5mL乙酸乙酯

扎来普隆90.81-95.01%,唑吡坦为83-87%

1mL血调pH9.5[42]

5mL二氯甲烷:己烷:乙酸乙酯(5:4:1v/v/v

扎来普隆和唑吡坦大于90%

0.5mL -1mL血,加入等量0.5M的磷酸氢二钠缓冲液[43-44]

5mL乙酸丁酯

唑吡坦:85.8%-100.1%,佐匹克隆:78.8%,扎来普隆:88.1%

0.1g-0.5g血调pH8.5[1545]

2mL-3mL甲基叔丁基醚

唑吡坦75.8%;佐匹克隆85%-93%NDZOP45%ACP85%-114%

3mL尿液水解后调pH7.5[46]

5mL二氯甲烷:2-丙醇(85:15,v/v

佐匹克隆:62.3%-77.4%

唑吡坦:78.0%-85.2%

唾液0.5mLpH8.420mg头发加入1mLpH8.4的磷酸缓冲液,过夜[47-49]

二氯甲烷/乙醚(1:19:180:20v/v)。

唾液中佐匹克隆大于80%

头发中扎来普隆:52.7-58.7%,唑吡坦:40.9-45.7%,佐匹克隆:91.9%

0.5-1.0mL血浆[50]

用甲苯:异戊醇或苯:异戊醇(98.5:1.5,v/v

唑吡坦大于90%

头发30mg[6]

5mM甲酸铵缓冲液pH3.5:甲醇(1:1)浸泡过夜

佐匹克隆、扎来普隆、唑吡坦均大于80%

头发10mg[22]

加入2mL甲醇,38温育16h

唑吡坦:89%-93%



3  仪器分析

Z-药物类的仪器分析方法报道很多,有薄层色谱法、分光光度分析法、毛细管电泳法(CE)、气相色谱法(GC)、液相色谱法(LC)、气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)、液相色谱-质谱联用法(LC-MS)等。B.A.EI Zeany等人[51]HPTLCUV结合,测定了药片中的半酒石酸唑吡坦,检测波长为315nmMaha M. Abdelrahman等人[52]用双波长分光光度法测定合成后的佐匹克隆及其中的杂质2-氨基-5-氯吡啶(ACP),ZOP的测定波长为252nm301nmACP的测定波长为238nm261nm。上述方法简单、快速、稳定,适合于体外检材的分析。

气相色谱法常使用的分析柱有DB-5柱、HP-5柱,用电子捕获检测器(ECD[2443]测得的扎来普隆的LOD小于5ng/mL LOQ10ng/mL;佐匹克隆的LOD10ng/mL,LOQ20ng/mL。用氮磷检测器(NPD[1226-2753-54]测得的3Z-药物类的检测限为20ng/mL

GC/MS分析时,可使用EI源或CI源。为提高灵敏度常使用SIM模式[43,55]、或衍生化后分析[44]NerijusKarlonas等人[25]GC-NICI-MS分析溶血中的扎来普隆和佐匹克隆。分析柱:DB-5HT毛细管柱:30m×0.32mm i.di,0.1um。起始温度200度,程序升温至330度。扎来普隆的m/z为:305,30620.0±0.4%),3073.9±0.3%)。佐匹克隆的m/z143,1447.7±0.2%,246(22.9±1.0%)。扎来普隆的LODLOQ分别为0.300.60ng/mL;佐匹克隆的LODLOQ分别为1.002.00ng/mL。本实验室用GC/MSEI源分析此类化合物的m/z为:扎来普隆:248(基峰)、263305219;佐吡坦:235(基峰)、3072196592;佐匹克隆:143(基峰)、245

CE方法常用于Z-药物类及其代谢物的对映体分析[56],方法简单、快速。Christian Horstkotter[19]CE方法LIT检测器分离尿液中的扎来普隆和代谢物。用未处理的熔融硅胶毛细管50μm I.D.×365μm O.D.,有效长度为20cm。缓冲液为0.2M的硼酸、1.0M tris50mM 羧甲基-β-环糊精组成,pH9.4。荧光发射波长为325nm,范围为300-500nMG.Hempel等人[57]CE-UV-LIF测定了尿中的佐匹克隆及其代谢物,操作波长为325nm,迁移时间短,且手性化合物达到了完全分离,无内源性物质的干扰。用DLLME-CE(液液微萃取-毛细管电泳)[58]测定佐匹克隆和它的活性代谢物,效果也很好。

HPLC分析此类药物时,可使用紫外检测器(UV[20,59]、二极管阵列检测器(DAD)[16,3260-61]、荧光检测器[29365062-64]。分析柱有C18和苯基柱,C18保留时间长,苯基柱峰形对称,保留时间短。荧光检测器灵敏度较高,血浆中唑吡坦的LOD1.0ng/mL,佐匹克隆为4.0ng/mL,扎来普隆为0.5ng/mL。唑吡坦激发波长为254nm,发射波长为390-400nm;扎来普隆激发波长为345nm,发射波长为254nm;佐匹克隆激发波长为320nm,发射波长为480nmACP激发波长和发射波长分别为305nm370nm

液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)是分析此类药物最常使用的方法。此类药物为碱性药物,可采用电喷雾正离子化模式(ESI+)、大气压化学电离(APCI)模式,检测方式有多反应监测(MRM)和选择离子检测(SIM),灵敏度都很高,均在纳克级水平。分析柱多为反向C8C18柱,流动相为甲醇或乙腈与甲酸缓冲液或乙酸缓冲液梯度洗脱。使用LC-MS/MS检测时使用的分析柱、流动相及药物的LODLOQ见表2

2  LC-MS/MS测定Z药物类使用的分析柱及检出限

药物名称

分析柱

流动相

LODLOQ

佐匹克隆及其代谢物[13]

Symmetry shield RP8(150mm×4.6mm i.d.,3. 5μm)

0.05%甲酸水:乙腈:甲醇=25:65:10v/v/v

ZOPNDZOPLLOQ0.5ng/mLZOPNOLLOQ1.0ng/mL

佐匹克隆及其降解代谢产物[15]

ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱(50mm×2.1mm i.d., 1.7μm.

5Mm乙酸铵(Ph5.0):0.05%乙酸甲醇液,梯度洗脱

LLOQ:ZOP:2ng/gACP1ng/g.

佐匹克隆[21]

Zorbax Eclipse XDB C8(50mm×2.1mm i.d., 5μm)

4Mm乙酸铵(Ph3.2):甲醇:乙腈=5010:40

LLOD0.4ng/mLLLOQ1.5ng/Ml.降解产物ACP血中LLOD0.08ng/mLLLOQ0.29 ng/mL

唑吡坦和它的代谢物[17]

Acquity TM UPLC HSST3100mm×2.1mm,1.8μm

乙腈和20mmol/L乙酸铵和0.1%甲酸水溶液(pH4.5

LOD:0.05ng/mLLOQ:尿为0.1ng/mL,血为40ng/mL

佐匹克隆和唑吡坦[37]

BEH C18(2.1×100mm1.7μm)

5mM甲酸铵(pH10.2)和乙腈梯度洗脱

LLOQ:佐匹克隆0.19ng/mL;唑吡坦:1.10ng/mL

扎来普隆和唑吡坦[42]

ODS-3((3μm粒径,150mm×2mm i.d.)

乙腈和1mM甲酸铵(pH4.0)梯度洗脱

LOD0.1ng/mL(S/N=5)LOQ 1ng/mL

唑吡坦和它的代谢物[18]

PhenomenxSynergi Fusion-RP(100mm×4.6mm,4μm)

100mM乙酸铵(pH5.8):甲酸=30:70v/v

LOD0.2ng/mL(S/N=3) LOQ1.0ng/mL(S/N=10)

尿液中的扎来普隆和代谢物[19]

Lichrospher RP C18柱(125×4mm),粒径为5μm

乙腈和50mM乙酸铵缓冲液,梯度洗脱

ZALDEZLOQ10ng/mL;5-OZ5-ODEZLOQ100ng/mL


本实验室用2倍于血样的乙腈沉淀蛋白,4℃高速离心2次,过膜,直接进行LC-MS/MS-MRM分析,效果很好,仪器灵敏度1ng/ mL,满足日常办案的需要。表3列出了LC/MS/MS测定Z药物类,正离子化模式、MRM检测的离子对。


3  LC-MS/MS-ESI+分析的MRM离子对

药物名称

MRM离子对

ZOP

389.1>245.0389.1>217.1

NDZOP

375.0>245.0375.0>217.2

ZOPNO

405.2>245.2405.2>143.2

ACP

129.1>76.1129.1>93.1

ZOL

308.1>235.2308.2>263.1

ZCA

338.3>265.2338.3>293.1

ZPCA

338.3>265.2338.3>293.1

ZAL

306.1>264.2306.1>236.2

5-OZ

322.3>231.1322.3>238.2

5-ODEZ

294.3>271.1294.3>231.1

5-OZG

498.0>231.1498.0>322.3


注:5-OZG为5-OZ与葡糖酸醛酸的结合物

4 结论

由于z—药物类使用剂量小,分解代谢快,存在体内分布等现象,因此对此类药物的分析,从采样、提取到仪器分析,都应尽快进行。前处理方法可采用液液萃取或固相萃取,仪器分析有GCLC GC/MSLC/MS等。其中GC/MSLC/MS分析体内药物灵敏度较高,但GC/MS可导致药物的分解,所以目前最常使用的方法为LC/MS方法,ESIAPCI源,正离子化模式,MRMSIM检测方式。在实际工作中,可根据本实验室的条件,选择使用。

近年来,一些学者把干血斑技术应用到了毒物分析领域,特别是对于易分解代谢的物质的血样,制成干血斑,可阻止水解及细菌导致的分解,并且易于运输和储存,对于需要长期储存的血样,不失为一种好的选择。对检测方法越来越倾向于,不仅灵敏度要高,分析效率也要高,一次可分析几十种甚至几百种的药物,且前处理简单,如直接进样技术,只需样品进行简单处理,就可进样分析。总之,随着科学技术的发展,仪器灵敏度的提高,毒物分析的方法会越来越简单、快速、高效。

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收稿日期:2016-04-30

作者简介:杨士云,(1964-),河北人,高级工程师,理学学士 (请补充研究方向——审阅者)


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